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	<title>Comments on: When a language should be considered artificial &#8211; A quick classification of spoken, dead, hypothetical and invented languages</title>
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	<description>Proto-Indo-European Language, Indo-European Languages &#38; European Union Language Policy</description>
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		<title>By: louboutin</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-4929</link>
		<dc:creator>louboutin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Nov 2010 07:49:38 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description>I was looking for an automatical translation wordpress plugin and i found your plugin. I am going to try it on my blog. Thank you.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I was looking for an automatical translation wordpress plugin and i found your plugin. I am going to try it on my blog. Thank you.</p>
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		<title>By: Jim Henry</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-3066</link>
		<dc:creator>Jim Henry</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 13 Feb 2010 20:55:29 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description>I&#039;m very puzzled at why you consider languages without a written form, or which only recently acquired a written form, less natural than languages with a longer history of writing.  I would consider all languages with a speaker community, which have evolved naturally from older languages which had speaker communities as far back as we know about, to be equally natural, whether they have written forms or not.

Further, I&#039;m dubious about your classifying less well-attested natural languages as &quot;less natural&quot; than better-attested natural languages.  The languages themselves are equally natural; it&#039;s only our knowledge of them that differs.  It would be clearer, perhaps, if you say that *our reconstruction of* a dead language is something of a conlang, generally more naturalistic than a conlang made up from scratch but less natural than a living natlang, or than the dead natlang in question was when it was spoken.

It seems to me that borrowing vocabulary from other natlangs is not a less natural process than compounding, derivation, or stretching the meanings of old words.  But if you want to classify languages as less natural because they use many loanwords, why is English in category #1?

You discuss language academies etc. a little in the latter part of your post, but they don&#039;t seem to figure in your classification scheme proper.  I would suggest that colloquial spoken French is as natural as any other natlang spoken by a large and vigorous speaker community, but that standardized written French as regulated by the Academy is somewhat less natural than the typical natlang, though more natural than a reconstructed proto-language or a conlang that has no speakers.

As an earlier commenter pointed out, your classification of conlangs as more or less natural, more or less artificial, only takes into account their origin as imitating some natural language more or less closely (and that, only in a particular way).  It leaves out of account whether the language has acquired a speaker community whose actual usage is now normative, rather than (or more so than) the original language inventor&#039;s blueprints.  Esperanto, Interlingua, Ido, probably Toki Pona, maybe even Lojban are all &quot;more natural&quot; by this criterion than Latino Sine Fleksione or Sambahsa, which you rank above them in naturalness.

Furthermore, your system takes no account, as far as I can tell, of conlangs derived from natural languages not by &quot;correcting&quot; them, as you describe LSF and some other auxlangs, but by putting them through a fictional but naturalistically plausible alternate history of sound changes, grammar changes, and so forth -- e.g. Brithenig, Wenedyk, and so forth.  I would consider these to be more naturalistic than Interlingua or Esperanto, by the origin criteron, but less natural (by the &quot;live speaker community&quot; criterion) than those actually spoken auxlangs.  This suggests that we might want a multi-dimensional scheme for classifying languages, taking into account both size and activity of the speaker community, adherence to known linguistic universals, origin of vocabulary and grammar, etc.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m very puzzled at why you consider languages without a written form, or which only recently acquired a written form, less natural than languages with a longer history of writing.  I would consider all languages with a speaker community, which have evolved naturally from older languages which had speaker communities as far back as we know about, to be equally natural, whether they have written forms or not.</p>
<p>Further, I&#8217;m dubious about your classifying less well-attested natural languages as &#8220;less natural&#8221; than better-attested natural languages.  The languages themselves are equally natural; it&#8217;s only our knowledge of them that differs.  It would be clearer, perhaps, if you say that *our reconstruction of* a dead language is something of a conlang, generally more naturalistic than a conlang made up from scratch but less natural than a living natlang, or than the dead natlang in question was when it was spoken.</p>
<p>It seems to me that borrowing vocabulary from other natlangs is not a less natural process than compounding, derivation, or stretching the meanings of old words.  But if you want to classify languages as less natural because they use many loanwords, why is English in category #1?</p>
<p>You discuss language academies etc. a little in the latter part of your post, but they don&#8217;t seem to figure in your classification scheme proper.  I would suggest that colloquial spoken French is as natural as any other natlang spoken by a large and vigorous speaker community, but that standardized written French as regulated by the Academy is somewhat less natural than the typical natlang, though more natural than a reconstructed proto-language or a conlang that has no speakers.</p>
<p>As an earlier commenter pointed out, your classification of conlangs as more or less natural, more or less artificial, only takes into account their origin as imitating some natural language more or less closely (and that, only in a particular way).  It leaves out of account whether the language has acquired a speaker community whose actual usage is now normative, rather than (or more so than) the original language inventor&#8217;s blueprints.  Esperanto, Interlingua, Ido, probably Toki Pona, maybe even Lojban are all &#8220;more natural&#8221; by this criterion than Latino Sine Fleksione or Sambahsa, which you rank above them in naturalness.</p>
<p>Furthermore, your system takes no account, as far as I can tell, of conlangs derived from natural languages not by &#8220;correcting&#8221; them, as you describe LSF and some other auxlangs, but by putting them through a fictional but naturalistically plausible alternate history of sound changes, grammar changes, and so forth &#8212; e.g. Brithenig, Wenedyk, and so forth.  I would consider these to be more naturalistic than Interlingua or Esperanto, by the origin criteron, but less natural (by the &#8220;live speaker community&#8221; criterion) than those actually spoken auxlangs.  This suggests that we might want a multi-dimensional scheme for classifying languages, taking into account both size and activity of the speaker community, adherence to known linguistic universals, origin of vocabulary and grammar, etc.</p>
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		<title>By: Andreas</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-3063</link>
		<dc:creator>Andreas</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 13 Feb 2010 00:01:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/?p=59#comment-3063</guid>
		<description>&quot;after Esperanto’s failure. &quot;

What are you talking about? Esperanto is still the biggest articifial language, in terms of literature output, speakers, history etc. It has failed to take over the world, but not as a language.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;after Esperanto’s failure. &#8221;</p>
<p>What are you talking about? Esperanto is still the biggest articifial language, in terms of literature output, speakers, history etc. It has failed to take over the world, but not as a language.</p>
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		<title>By: Indo-European</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-1161</link>
		<dc:creator>Indo-European</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 12:56:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/?p=59#comment-1161</guid>
		<description>@Joël Landais:

I&#039;m sorry to hear you are fed up with my opinion about Uropi not being related to Proto-Indo-European. But I think you contradict yourself by asserting Uropi is &lt;strong&gt;related to PIE&lt;/strong&gt; and at the same time:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Of course, &lt;strong&gt;Uropi has not kept the original shape of these roots&lt;/strong&gt; which seem rather prehistoric to me. &lt;/blockquote&gt;

And giving examples of how you changed your selected &lt;strong&gt;vocabulary&lt;/strong&gt;, as e.g. *sawel for &quot;sol&quot;, because you found it &quot;less prehistoric&quot; that way. Not to talk about the &lt;strong&gt;morphology and syntax&lt;/strong&gt;, which are rather &quot;modern European made easy&quot;, as you put it.

For me - and for some others with which I&#039;ve discussed it - yours is another artificial language, loosely based on PIE, of course, just like Esperanto was loosely based on some European languages. Which is fine. 

Personally, I think it was, as an auxlang project, another step in the right direction after Esperanto&#039;s failure. Not less, but not more than a personal conlang. Good luck.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@Joël Landais:</p>
<p>I&#8217;m sorry to hear you are fed up with my opinion about Uropi not being related to Proto-Indo-European. But I think you contradict yourself by asserting Uropi is <strong>related to PIE</strong> and at the same time:</p>
<blockquote><p>Of course, <strong>Uropi has not kept the original shape of these roots</strong> which seem rather prehistoric to me. </p></blockquote>
<p>And giving examples of how you changed your selected <strong>vocabulary</strong>, as e.g. *sawel for &#8220;sol&#8221;, because you found it &#8220;less prehistoric&#8221; that way. Not to talk about the <strong>morphology and syntax</strong>, which are rather &#8220;modern European made easy&#8221;, as you put it.</p>
<p>For me &#8211; and for some others with which I&#8217;ve discussed it &#8211; yours is another artificial language, loosely based on PIE, of course, just like Esperanto was loosely based on some European languages. Which is fine. </p>
<p>Personally, I think it was, as an auxlang project, another step in the right direction after Esperanto&#8217;s failure. Not less, but not more than a personal conlang. Good luck.</p>
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		<title>By: Joël Landais</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-869</link>
		<dc:creator>Joël Landais</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2009 19:28:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/?p=59#comment-869</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m &lt;strong&gt;fed up&lt;/strong&gt; with reading on your pages (here Indo-European) that Uropi is almost unrelated to Proto-Indo-European. I&#039;ve made a list of 360 Uropi root-words which come directly from Indo-European roots (and the list is not yet completed). You can find examples of these roots on the Uropi blog: http.//uropi.canablog.com/
Of course, Uropi has not kept the original shape of these roots which seem rather prehistoric to me. But this has been the destiny of these roots when they have survived in modern European languages.I-e &lt;em&gt;sâwel&lt;/em&gt; has given Spanish &lt;em&gt;sol&lt;/em&gt; and guess what is the Uropi word ? &lt;strong&gt;sol&lt;/strong&gt;. I-e &lt;em&gt;swépmi / swôpeyô&lt;/em&gt; has given Latin &lt;em&gt;sopor&lt;/em&gt; (sleep) and Scandinavian &lt;em&gt;sove/sova&lt;/em&gt; (to sleep): the Uropi word is &lt;em&gt;sopo&lt;/em&gt;.
You only have to open a page of The Uropi-French dictionary to see that the immense majority of Uropi words come from P.I.E roots. For instance, out of the 12 of the first S page (words in &lt;strong&gt;sa-&lt;/strong&gt;, only 4 are not from an Indo-European origin: &lt;em&gt;sabel&lt;/em&gt;, from Hungarian &lt;em&gt;szab&lt;/em&gt; (sabre), &lt;em&gt;sak&lt;/em&gt; (sack),from Greek (an I-E language) &lt;em&gt;sakkos&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;sabat, sabadia&lt;/em&gt; (Sabbath, saturday) from Hebrew &lt;em&gt;shabbat&lt;/em&gt;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m <strong>fed up</strong> with reading on your pages (here Indo-European) that Uropi is almost unrelated to Proto-Indo-European. I&#8217;ve made a list of 360 Uropi root-words which come directly from Indo-European roots (and the list is not yet completed). You can find examples of these roots on the Uropi blog: http.//uropi.canablog.com/<br />
Of course, Uropi has not kept the original shape of these roots which seem rather prehistoric to me. But this has been the destiny of these roots when they have survived in modern European languages.I-e <em>sâwel</em> has given Spanish <em>sol</em> and guess what is the Uropi word ? <strong>sol</strong>. I-e <em>swépmi / swôpeyô</em> has given Latin <em>sopor</em> (sleep) and Scandinavian <em>sove/sova</em> (to sleep): the Uropi word is <em>sopo</em>.<br />
You only have to open a page of The Uropi-French dictionary to see that the immense majority of Uropi words come from P.I.E roots. For instance, out of the 12 of the first S page (words in <strong>sa-</strong>, only 4 are not from an Indo-European origin: <em>sabel</em>, from Hungarian <em>szab</em> (sabre), <em>sak</em> (sack),from Greek (an I-E language) <em>sakkos</em>, and <em>sabat, sabadia</em> (Sabbath, saturday) from Hebrew <em>shabbat</em></p>
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		<title>By: Indo-European languages of Europe &#187; Blog Archive &#187; A simple FAQ about the &#8220;advantages&#8221; of Esperanto and other conlangs: &#8220;easy&#8221;, &#8220;neutral&#8221; and &#8220;number of speakers&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-234</link>
		<dc:creator>Indo-European languages of Europe &#187; Blog Archive &#187; A simple FAQ about the &#8220;advantages&#8221; of Esperanto and other conlangs: &#8220;easy&#8221;, &#8220;neutral&#8221; and &#8220;number of speakers&#8221;</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Nov 2008 12:52:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/?p=59#comment-234</guid>
		<description>[...] in daily speech? A new study from the Royal Spanish Academy on language acquisitionBill Chapman on When a language should be considered artificial - A quick classification of spoken, dead, hypothetic...Indo-European languages of Europe &#187; Blog Archive &#187; Bronze Age village discovered in [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] in daily speech? A new study from the Royal Spanish Academy on language acquisitionBill Chapman on When a language should be considered artificial &#8211; A quick classification of spoken, dead, hypothetic&#8230;Indo-European languages of Europe &raquo; Blog Archive &raquo; Bronze Age village discovered in [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Bill Chapman</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-221</link>
		<dc:creator>Bill Chapman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2008 19:35:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/?p=59#comment-221</guid>
		<description>I think this is a good summary of a complicated field.

I would attach &quot;spoken language&quot; to Esperanto. It is spoken in a way that Latino sine flexione or Novial are not.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I think this is a good summary of a complicated field.</p>
<p>I would attach &#8220;spoken language&#8221; to Esperanto. It is spoken in a way that Latino sine flexione or Novial are not.</p>
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		<title>By: Indo-European languages of Europe &#187; Blog Archive &#187; Five lines of ancient script on a shard of pottery could be the longest proto-Canaanite text ever found, archaeologists say</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-218</link>
		<dc:creator>Indo-European languages of Europe &#187; Blog Archive &#187; Five lines of ancient script on a shard of pottery could be the longest proto-Canaanite text ever found, archaeologists say</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2008 17:58:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/?p=59#comment-218</guid>
		<description>[...] found it interesting because of the implications that these findings might have on classifications of dead languages into more natural or artificial regarding the knowledge we have of them, especially about proto-languages like Proto-Canaanite (or [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] found it interesting because of the implications that these findings might have on classifications of dead languages into more natural or artificial regarding the knowledge we have of them, especially about proto-languages like Proto-Canaanite (or [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Indo-European</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-129</link>
		<dc:creator>Indo-European</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2008 08:26:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/?p=59#comment-129</guid>
		<description>Hi, Olivier! As I said, the classification is about the general categories as they are related to Europe&#039;s PIE, more than about other languages&#039; exact classes. In fact, &lt;strong&gt;corrected languages&lt;/strong&gt; like Sambahsa-Mundialect or Latino sine flexione are the most difficult to classify, as they are apparently &#039;&lt;em&gt;more artificial than&lt;/em&gt;&#039; their counterparts, but nobody - before a thorough study of the &lt;em&gt;modifications&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;corrections&lt;/em&gt; made - could ascertain to which degree they are &lt;u&gt;in fact &#039;more artificial than&#039;&lt;/u&gt; other living or dead languages, proto-languages or conlangs... I classified them as a whole and in general just before artificial languages, because that&#039;s where they necessarily end if &quot;too corrected to be the same language&quot;, as what we talked about &lt;strong&gt;Uropi&lt;/strong&gt;, being almost unrelated to PIE... But, indeed, the less modifications a language has - and possibly the more such corrections are adapted to its living or dead dialects - the less artificial they could be considered, as you say. I&#039;ve corrected the definition given of Sambahsa-Mundialect, though ;-)

&lt;small&gt;I&#039;m sorry, Akismet plugin classified your comment as spam. It was by chance that I looked in spam comments; take on account that there can be hundreds each week... If it happens again that your comment doesn&#039;t appear, please contact me. It happened possibly because you put the same website twice - in your nick and in the post. I think you can put up to three &lt;strong&gt;different&lt;/strong&gt; ones within the post without problems, apart from your nick&#039;s one, but I don&#039;t really know how &quot;Akismet anti-spam rules&quot; (so to speak) work: You can link to different pages or posts of your blog, but - I guess - not exactly the same twice. And I cannot live right now without Akismet deleting all spam comments for me :(  By the way, I&#039;ve added to your comment a direct link to that &quot;dialog section&quot; of your website you referred to. &lt;/small&gt;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hi, Olivier! As I said, the classification is about the general categories as they are related to Europe&#8217;s PIE, more than about other languages&#8217; exact classes. In fact, <strong>corrected languages</strong> like Sambahsa-Mundialect or Latino sine flexione are the most difficult to classify, as they are apparently &#8216;<em>more artificial than</em>&#8216; their counterparts, but nobody &#8211; before a thorough study of the <em>modifications</em> or <em>corrections</em> made &#8211; could ascertain to which degree they are <u>in fact &#8216;more artificial than&#8217;</u> other living or dead languages, proto-languages or conlangs&#8230; I classified them as a whole and in general just before artificial languages, because that&#8217;s where they necessarily end if &#8220;too corrected to be the same language&#8221;, as what we talked about <strong>Uropi</strong>, being almost unrelated to PIE&#8230; But, indeed, the less modifications a language has &#8211; and possibly the more such corrections are adapted to its living or dead dialects &#8211; the less artificial they could be considered, as you say. I&#8217;ve corrected the definition given of Sambahsa-Mundialect, though <img src='http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p><small>I&#8217;m sorry, Akismet plugin classified your comment as spam. It was by chance that I looked in spam comments; take on account that there can be hundreds each week&#8230; If it happens again that your comment doesn&#8217;t appear, please contact me. It happened possibly because you put the same website twice &#8211; in your nick and in the post. I think you can put up to three <strong>different</strong> ones within the post without problems, apart from your nick&#8217;s one, but I don&#8217;t really know how &#8220;Akismet anti-spam rules&#8221; (so to speak) work: You can link to different pages or posts of your blog, but &#8211; I guess &#8211; not exactly the same twice. And I cannot live right now without Akismet deleting all spam comments for me <img src='http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_sad.gif' alt=':(' class='wp-smiley' />   By the way, I&#8217;ve added to your comment a direct link to that &#8220;dialog section&#8221; of your website you referred to. </small></p>
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		<title>By: Olivier Simon</title>
		<link>http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/comment-page-1/#comment-124</link>
		<dc:creator>Olivier Simon</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Jun 2008 18:55:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/?p=59#comment-124</guid>
		<description>Buenas tardes Carlos!

I&#039;m OK with the description given of sambahsa in category n°15. I wonder if there are other conlangs which would pass into this category. 
As it is written on langmaker.com, the uniqueness of sambahsa is that it is a mixture of conlang and reconstructed language (and this makes, I suppose, sambahsa&#039;s strength and richness too). 
Below, you suppose that sambahsa could be eventually ranked under 10 and 12. I agree with 12, but I don&#039;t see why with 10; I&#039;d rather tell 9 or 11. 
Sambahsa still has a four cases declension (nominative, accusative, dative and genitive), but it is only compulsory for pronouns. Those who have difficulty to the full grammar in French on my blog can click on the message &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sambahsa-mundialect-org.blogspot.com/2007/07/dialogs-in-sambahsa-mundialect.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dialogs in sambahsa-mundialect&lt;/a&gt;&quot; which is entirely in English. Lesson n°5 explains the pronominal system of sambahsa. 

Best wishes for your work Carlos! That&#039;s great!

Olivier
http://sambahsa-mundialect-org.blogspot.com</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Buenas tardes Carlos!</p>
<p>I&#8217;m OK with the description given of sambahsa in category n°15. I wonder if there are other conlangs which would pass into this category.<br />
As it is written on langmaker.com, the uniqueness of sambahsa is that it is a mixture of conlang and reconstructed language (and this makes, I suppose, sambahsa&#8217;s strength and richness too).<br />
Below, you suppose that sambahsa could be eventually ranked under 10 and 12. I agree with 12, but I don&#8217;t see why with 10; I&#8217;d rather tell 9 or 11.<br />
Sambahsa still has a four cases declension (nominative, accusative, dative and genitive), but it is only compulsory for pronouns. Those who have difficulty to the full grammar in French on my blog can click on the message &#8220;<a href="http://sambahsa-mundialect-org.blogspot.com/2007/07/dialogs-in-sambahsa-mundialect.html" rel="nofollow">dialogs in sambahsa-mundialect</a>&#8221; which is entirely in English. Lesson n°5 explains the pronominal system of sambahsa. </p>
<p>Best wishes for your work Carlos! That&#8217;s great!</p>
<p>Olivier<br />
<a href="http://sambahsa-mundialect-org.blogspot.com" rel="nofollow">http://sambahsa-mundialect-org.blogspot.com</a></p>
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